ENGLISH

NAMA           : M. IMAM MUZZAKA

NPM             : 14216204

KELAS          : 1EA01

WEEK 1

1. Some
            Some/ beberapa digunakan pada kata benda yang bisa dihitung [countable noun] dan tidak bisa dihitung [uncountable noun]. Tetapi untuk kalimat Positif/Affirmative/Pernyataan, Penawaran, permintaan, dan pertanyaan jika kamu berharap pertanyaannya dijawab “Yes/ya”.
Contoh:
o I have some friends to be visited next week.
o The seller pour some milk into the porridge.

2. Any
            Any/ beberapa digunakan pada kata benda yang bisa dihitung [countable noun] dan tidak bisa dihitung [uncountable noun]. penggunaannya untuk kalimat negatif atau pertanyaan.
Contoh:
o Have you got any bananas? No, we haven’t got any. But we’ve got some oranges.
o Do you have any idea to solve this problem?

3. Much
            Much digunakan untuk benda-benda yang tak dapat dihitung, dan untuk menghitungnya diperlukan suatu takaran/timbangan dan ukuran tertentu. Patokan suatu benda tidak dapat dihitung adalah jika untuk menghitungnya harus menggunakan alat bantu. seperti liter, rupiah, kilogram dsb.
Contoh:
o You took too much sugar in your tea, it’s not good for your health.
o We need much sand to build a big building.

4. Many
            Many digunakan untuk benda-benda yang bisa dihitung (countable noun)
Contoh:
o How many fruit you take from refrigerator?
o Many people asked me if I have got married or not.

5. A lot of
            A lot of bisa digunakan baik untuk benda yang bisa dihitung maupun yang tidak bisa dihitung. Artinya bisa digunakan untuk mengganti posisi Many.
Yang membedakan dengan Many dan Much adalah bahwa kebiasaan penggunaannya. Contoh:
o I have a lot of friends who always stand by me.
o How much money do you have? I have a lot of money.

6. A Few
            A few atau Little artinya sedikit. A few untuk kata benda yang dapat dihitung.
Contoh kalimat :
have got a few friends in a day.
I have saved a little money in this month.

WEEK 2

1. PERBEDAAN PENGGUNAAN ARTICLE A, AN, DAN THE

            Terdapat perbedaan yang sangat mendasar antara article a, an, dan the dalam bahasa inggris. Salah satu perbedaan yang paling utama adalah :

a dan an : indifinite article
the : definite article

Dengan kata lain, article “the” kita gunakan jika berhubungan dengan kata benda atau objek yang spesifik yang kedua speaker dan pendengar mengetahuinya. Sedangkan article “a/an” kita gunakan jika kita berhubungan dengan nouns atau objek yang “general/umum”atau tidak spesifik

Peraturan Article Dalam Bahasa Inggris : A, An, The
Penggunaan A dan An
– A/An termasuk kedalam indifinite article. Artikel ini digunakan unutk menunjukkan sesuatu yang sifatnya umum atau tidak spesifik. Kedua artikel ini digunakan ketika kita menunjukkan atau membicarakan sesuatu pertama kali. Dua-duanya digunakan untuk singular countable nouns. Contoh kalimatnya :
– Can you play me a music?
Artinya : Seseorang menyuruh untuk memainkan musik. Musik disini tidak spesifik apa yang harus dimaikan. Bisa saja itu musik pop, rock, metal, atau bahkan dangdut. Yang terpenting adalah memainkan musik tidak peduli musik jenis apa.
– There is a policeman and a policewoman in front of your house. The policeman is wearing a brown shirt.
Artinya : Ingat article a/an digunakan ketika menunjukkan atau membicarakan sesuatu untuk pertama kalinya. Di kalimat pertama antara pembaca dan pendengar belum mengetahui polisi dan polwan yang dimaksud dalam pembicaraan. Tapi unutk kalimat kedua, mereka sudah mengetahui polisi yang dimaksud yaitu polisi yang ada didepan rumah. Oleh karena itu menggunakan article “the”.
– Article A digunakan untuk nouns yang berawalan dengan lafal atau bunyi konsonan. Contohnya : a man, a woman, a car, a university, dll.
– Article An digunakan untuk nouns yang berawalan dengan lafal atau bunyi vowel/vokal. Contohnya : an umbrella, an ant, an egg, an hour, dll.

-Pada dasarnya pemilihan dalam penggunaan a/an bertujuan untuk mempermudah pengucapannya. Coba bayangan kalau kita harus mengucapkan an ant dengan a ant? ataua woman diucap dengan an woman? Akan terasa sulit bukan?

Penggunaan The
– The adalah definite article. “The” digunakan sebelum singular dan plural nouns. Article ini juga digunakan pada countable dan uncountable nouns. Kata the digunakan ketika kita membicarakan sesuatu yang spesifik atau diantara pembicara dan pendengar nya sudah saling mengerti atau mengetahui tentang objek yang dimaksud. Contoh:
– Can you play the video?
Artinya : Video yang diminta untuk dimainkan oleh pembicara disini maksud nya adalah video yang sama-sama dimaksudkan oleh pembicara dan pendengar. Dan sudah spesifik dan jelas bagi mereka video mana yang akan dimainkan. Berbeda jika pembicara itu bilang “Can you play a video” yang memiliki arti pembicara menginginkan pendengar untuk memainkan video apa saja tidak ada penjelasan secara khusus dan terserah pendengar mau memainkan video yang mana.

CONTOH PENGGUNAAN A, AN, DAN THE
- The
• Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia.
• Monumen Nasional is Indonesia’s national monument.
• I found the glasses you were looking for.
• Have you looked at the brief I gave you?
• Switch the computer off when you’re done.
- A/An
• I saw a star tonight.
• I had an omelette for breakfast today.
• She ordered a drink inside the restaurant.
• Do you have a pen?
• We want to buy a notebook

2. NO ARTICLE ( tidak menggunakan article )

No article berarti tidak ada article (a, an, the) yang perlu untuk digunakan terhadap suatu noun (kata benda).

Fungsi : Beberapa macam noun yang tidak  atau dapat tidak menggunakan article (tanpa a, an, the) antara lain adalah nama-nama bahasa, olahraga, academic subject, dll.

Contoh kalimat :

Can you speak english ( dapat kah kamu berbicara bahasa inggris )

That children played badminton ( anak- anak itu bermain bola )

Penjelasan : kalimat diatas menggunakan nama-nama bahasa,dan olahraga

WEEK 3

1. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FORM

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE/PRESENT TENSE
Active:
1. Positive (+) = Subject + V1(s/es) + O
2. Negative (-) = Subject + Do/Does + Not + V1 + O
3. Interrogative (?)= Do/Does + Subject + V1 + O

Passive
1. Positive (+) = O + To be + V3 + By + S
2. Negative (-) = O + To be + Not + V3 + By + S
3. Interrogative (?)= To be + O + V3 + By + S

Example:
1. Active = she reads a book (+)
Passive = a book is read by her (+)
2. Active = Does she read a book? (?)
Passive = Is a book read by her (?)
3. Active = I wear a black jacket (+)
Passive = a black jacket is worn by me (+)
4. Pasive = I am loved by her (+)
Active = She love me (+)

2. PRESENT CONTINOUS
Active:
1. Positive (+) = Subject + To be + Ving + O
2. Negative (-) = Subject + To be + Not + Ving + O
3. Interrogative (?)= To be + Subject + Ving + O

Passive
1. Positive (+) = O + To be + Being + V3 + By + S
2. Negative (-) = O + To be + Not + Being + V3 + By + S
3. Interrogative (?)= To be + O + Being + V3 + By + S

Example:
1. Active = My mother is cooking a dinner for me (+)
Passive = A dinner is being cooked by my mother for me (+)
2. Active = Is my mother cooking a dinner for me? (?)
Passive = Is a dinner being cooked by my mother for me? (?)
3. Pasive = The wedding party is being celebrated by my parents (+)
Active = My parents are celebrating the wedding party(+)

3. PRESENT PERFECT
Active:
1. Positive (+) = Subject + Has/Have + V3 + O
2. Negative (-) = Subject + Has/Have + Not + V3 + O
3. Interrogative (?)= Has/Have + Subject + V3 + O
Passive
1. Positive (+) = O + Has/Have + Been + V3 + By + S
2. Negative (-) = O + Has/Have + Not + Been + V3 + By + S
3. Interrogative (?)= Has/Have + O + Been + V3 + By + S
Example:
1. Active = I have finished the home work (+)
Passive = The home work has been finished by me (+)
2. Active = Have I finished the home work? (?)
Passive = Has the home work been finished by me? (?)

1. Present Simple, Present Continuous,Present perfect

            We use the present perfect tense to talk about things where there is a connection between the past and the present.

·         He’s written 16 books.

He started writing books at some time in the past. So far, he has written 16 books. He may write more books. As well as the present perfect simple, we can use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about events with a connection to the present.
1. Look at these 2 sentences:

·                     I’ve been decorating the house this summer. The focus is on the action – decorating – and the action is unfinished.

·                     I’ve painted the living room blue. The focus is on the finished result. The activity is finished but we can see the result now.

We use the present perfect continuous when the focus is on an activity that is unfinished.

2. Look at these two sentences.

·                     I’ve read that book you lent me. I finished it yesterday.

·                     I’ve been reading that book you lent me. I’ve got another 50 pages to read.

The present perfect simple (I’ve read) gives the idea of completion while the present perfect continuous (I’ve been reading) suggests that something is unfinished.

3. Look at these two sentences.

·                     She’s been writing emails for 3 hours.

·                     She’s written 10 messages.

The present perfect continuous (has been writing) talks about how long something has been happening. The present perfect simple (has written) talks about how much/how many have been completed.

4. Look at these two sentences.

·                     I’ve worked here for thirty years.

·                     I usually work in London but I’ve been working in Birmingham for the last 3 weeks.

We can use the present perfect simple to talk about how long when we view something as permanent. But the present perfect continuous is often used to show that something is temporary.

The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the past participle of a verb:

The present perfect continuous is formed with have/has been and the -ing form of the verb:

Use

We use the present perfect tense:

-          For something that started in the past and continues in the present:

They’ve been married for nearly fifty years.
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.

Note: We normally use the present perfect continuous for this:

She has been living in Liverpool all her life.
It’s been raining for hours.

-           For something we have done several times in the past and continue to do:

I’ve played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.
He has written three books and he is working on another one.
I’ve been watching that programme every week.

We often use a clause with since to show when something started in the past:

They’ve been staying with us since last week.
I have worked here since I left school.
I’ve been watching that programme every week since it started.

-          When we are talking about our experience up to the present:

Note: We often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up to the present:

My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.

Note: and we use never for the negative form:

Have you ever met George?
Yes, but I’ve never met his wife.

-          For something that happened in the past but is important at the time of speaking:

I can’t get in the house. I’ve lost my keys.
Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping.
I’m tired out. I’ve been working all day.

We use the present perfect of be when someone has gone to a place and returned:

A: Where have you been?
B: I’ve just been out to the supermarket.

A: Have you ever been to San Francisco?
B: No, but I’ve been to Los Angeles.

But when someone has not returned we use have/has gone:

A: Where is Maria? I haven’t seen her for weeks.
B: She's gone to Paris for a week. She’ll be back tomorrow.

We often use the present perfect with time adverbials which refer to the recent past:

just; only just; recently;

Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.
We have just got back from our holidays.

or adverbials which include the present:

ever (in questions); so far; until now; up to now; yet (in questions and negatives)

Have you ever seen a ghost?
Where have you been up to now?
Have you finished your homework yet?
No, so far I’ve only done my history.

WARNING:

We do not use the present perfect with an adverbial which refers to past time which isfinished:

I have seen that film yesterday.
We have just bought a new car last week.
When we were children we have been to California.

But we can use it to refer to a time which is not yet finished:

Have you seen Helen today?
We have bought a new car this week.

WEEK 4

Active sentences in the simple past tense have the following structure:

Subject + past tense form of the verb + object

Passive sentences in the simple past tense have the following structure:

Object of the active sentence + was/were + past participle form of the verb + by + subject of the active sentence

Changing an assertive sentence into the passive

Active: He wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by him.

Active: They knew it.

Passive: It was known to them.

Active: She sang a song.

Passive: A song was sung by her.

Active: He loved his friends very much.

Passive: His friends were loved very much by him.

Changing a negative sentence into the passive

Active: She did not know anything about it.

Passive: Nothing about it was known to her.

Active: Nobody could discourage him from pursuing his path.

Passive: He could not be discouraged from pursuing his path by anybody.

Active: You did not listen to me.

Passive: I was not listened to by you.

Active: She did not write a story.

Passive: A story was not written by her.

Changing an interrogative sentence into the passive

Passive forms of these sentences begin with did. If the active sentence begins with a question word, the passive sentence will also begin with a question word. If the active sentence begins with who or whose, the passive sentence will begin with by whom or by whose. If the active sentence begins with whom, the passive sentence will begin with who.

Active: Did he break the window?

Passive: Was the window broken by him?

Active: Where could you find such fine art?

Passive: Where could such fine art be found?

Active: Why did you abuse your servant?

Passive: Why was your servant abused by you?

Active: Did anyone steal your purse?

Passive: Was your purse stolen by anyone?

Active: Did anyone hurt your feelings?

Passive: Were your feelings hurt by anyone?

Active: Did Alice invite you?

Passive: Were you invited by Alice?

Active: Who killed the snake?

Passive: By whom was the snake killed?

Active: Why did he punish you?

Passive: Why were you punished by him?

Active: Whom did you laugh at?

Passive: Who was laughed at by you?

WEEK 5

·                     Indefinite Pronoun  (some-,  any-, no-)

Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific person, place, or thing. In English, there is a particular group of indefinite pronouns formed with a quantifier or distributive preceeded by any, some, every and no.

All	Person            Place	Thing
everybody	Everyone everywhere	everything
Part (positive)	Someone somebody	something
Part (negative)             anyone	Somewhere anywhere	anything
None  no one nobody	nowhere	nothing

Indefinite pronouns with  some and any are used to describe indefinite and incomplete quantities in the same way that some and any are used alone.

Indefinite pronouns are placed in the same location as a noun would go in the sentence.

Noun                                                                           Indefinite pronoun

I would like to go to Paris this summer.                     I would like to go somewhere this summer.

Jim gave me this book.                                                Someone gave me this book.

I won't tell your secret to Sam.                                   I won't tell your secret to anyone.

I bought my school supplies at the mall.                     I bought everything at the mall.

AFFIRMATIVE

In affirmative sentences, indefinite pronouns using some are used to describe an indefinite quantity, the indefinite pronouns with every are used to describe a complete quantity, and the pronouns with no are used to describe an absence. Indefinite pronouns with no are often used in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning, but these are nevertheless not negative sentences because they are lacking the word not.

EXAMPLES

Everyone is sleeping in my bed.

Someone is sleeping in my bed.

No one is sleeping in my bed.

I gave everything to Sally.

He saw something in the garden.

There is nothing to eat.

I looked everywhere for my keys.

Keith is looking for somewhere to live.

There is nowhere as beautiful as Paris.

Any and the indefinite pronouns formed with it can also be used in affirmative sentences with a meaning that is close to every: whichever person, whichever place, whichever thing, etc.

EXAMPLES

They can choose anything from the menu.

You may invite anybody you want to your birthday party.

We can go anywhere you'd like this summer.

He would give anything to get into Oxford.

Fido would follow you anywhere.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Negative sentences can only be formed with the indefinite pronouns that include any.

EXAMPLES

I don't have anything to eat.

She didn't go anywhere last week.

I can't find anyone to come with me.

Many negative sentences that include an indefinite pronoun with any can be turned into affirmative sentences with a negative meaning by using an indefinite pronoun with no. However, there is a change in meaning with this transformation: the sentence that includes an indefinite pronoun with no is stronger, and can imply emotional content such as definsiveness, hopelessness, anger, etc.

EXAMPLES

I don't know anything about it. = neutral

I know nothing about it. = defensive

I don't have anybody to talk to. = neutral

I have nobody to talk to. = hopeless

There wasn't anything we could do. = neutral

There was nothing we could do. = defensive/angry

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

Indefinite pronouns with every, some, and any can be used to form negative questions. These questions can usually be answered with a "yes" or a "no".

Pronouns formed with anyand every are used to form true questions, while those with some generally imply a question to which we already know or suspect the answer.

EXAMPLES

Is there anything to eat?

Did you go anywhere last night?

Is everyone here?

Have you looked everywhere?

These questions can be turned in to false or rhetorical questions by making them negative. The speaker, when posing a question of this type, is expecting an answer of "no".

EXAMPLES

Isn't there anything to eat?

Didn't you go anywhere last night?

Isn't everyone here?

Haven't you looked everywhere?

Some and pronouns formed with it is only used in questions to which we think we already know the answer, or questions which are not true questions (invitations, requests, etc.) The person asking these questions is expecting an answer of "Yes".

EXAMPLES

Are you looking for someone?

Have you lost something?

Are you going somewhere?

Could somebody help me, please? = request

Would you like to go somewhere this weekend? = invitation

These questions can be made even more definite if they are made negative. In this case, the speaker is absolutely certain he will receive the answer "Yes".

EXAMPLES

Aren't you looking for someone?

Haven't you lost something?

Aren't you going somewhere?

Couldn't somebody help me, please?

Wouldn't you like to go somewhere this weekend?

·                     Reflexive Pronoun

Pengertian Reflexive Pronoun

Reflexive Pronoun adalah pronoun (kata ganti) yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa subject (berupa orang atau hewan) menerima aksi dari verb (reciprocal action) pada suatu kalimat.

Pronoun ini terdiri dari: myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, pada bentuk singular, dan yourselves, ourselves, dan themselves pada bentuk plural. Bentuknya yang identik dengan intensive pronoun.

Pronoun Singular

myself : I‘m going to buy myself new jeans.

(Saya akan membeli jeans baru untuk saya sendiri.)

yourself : It’s essential to treat others like you treat yourself.

(Penting untuk mmemperlakukan orang lain seperti kamu memperlakukan diri sendiri.)

herself : She asked herself why she was easy to be panic.

(Dia bertanya pada dirinya sendiri mengapa dulu dia mudah panik.)

himself : Hendri didn’t blame himself for the accident.

(Hendri tidak menyalahkan dirinya sendiri terhadap kecelakaan tersebut.)

itself    : The cat is licking itself.

(Kucing itu sedang menjilayi dirinya.)

Plural

yourselves : Why don’t you watch yourselves on TV?

(Mengapa kamu tidak menonton dirimu di TV?)

ourselves : We should give time for ourselves to take a rest.

(Kita seharusnya memberi waktu untuk diri kita sendiri untuk beristirahat.)

themselves : The students ate cookies that they cooked by themselves.

(Siswa-siswa tersebut makan kue yang mereka masak sendiri.)

Subject Kombinasi

Subjek proper noun (nama orang) kadang dipadukan dengan pronoun. Pada kondisi ini, reflexive pronoun yang digunakan disesuaikan dengan urutan orang (1st person, 2nd person, dan 3rd person).

Contoh Subject Kombinasi:

Dini and I tried to motivate ourselves. (I=1st person –> ourselves=1st person plural reflexive pronoun).

Luna, Gerry, and you have embarrassed yourselves. (you=2nd person –> yourselves=2nd person plural reflexive pronoun).

Pemilihan kata ganti ini berlaku sama ketika subjek pronoun dipadukan dengan pronoun yang lain.

Contoh Perpaduan:

You and I often adore ourselves. (I=1st person –> ourselves=1st person plural reflexive pronoun)

One dan Oneself

One memiliki bentuk tersendiri untuk reflexive pronoun-nya, yaitu oneself. Namun bentuk tersebut biasanya digunakan pada formal writing dan speech. Selain itu dapat pula digantikan dengan himself or herself. Namun akan menjengkelkan jika bentuk tersebut harus diulang dalam suatu bacaan. Solusi lain adalah dengan merubah format menjadi plural (ones).

Contoh Penggunaan One dan Oneself:

Do not be One who enrichs oneself without caring others.

Do not be One who enrichs himself or herself without caring others.

Do not be Ones who enrich themselves without caring others. (versi plural)

WEEK 6

·                     Have Something Done

Take a look at these two sentences. What is the difference in meaning between them?

'I cut my hair.'

'I have my hair cut.'

'I cut my hair' means that I do it myself.

'I have my hair cut means someone cuts my hair for me (in this case it's probably a hairdresser).

We use have something done to mean another person does a service for us.

The grammar for this is pretty simple:

Have + object + past participle

Let's take a look at a few more examples:

'We didn't want to cook so we had a pizza delivered.'

'I had my car washed at that new place by the station.'

'I had my watch fixed.'

We can also use 'get' instead of 'had' and the meaning stays the same. The sentences above now become:

'We didn't want to cook so we got a pizza delivered.'

'I got my car washed at that new place by the station.'

'I got my watch fixed.'

Future :

'I had my watch fixed' tells us about the past.

'I am going to have / get my watch fixed' tells us about the future.

'Going to' tells us about a future plan that has already been made.

We use 'will' for  something that has just been decided:

I've just noticed how dirty my suit is. I will have / get it cleaned soon.'

Questions :

Imagine that you like your friend's new haircut; you could ask her:

'Where did you have / get your hair cut?'

Maybe you have just moved to a new town and you decided that it is time for a haircut ;you can ask:

'Where can I have / get my hair cut?'

You want to know if your friend's car has been fixed yet; you can ask:

'Did you have your car fixed?'

Services for a busy world :

As we all live in a busy world, we don't have the time (or skills)to do all the things that we need to. That's why we have a service industry that will help us get what need done.

Take a look at these examples:

A jeweller's is a place where you can have your watch fixed.

A dry cleaner's is a place where you can have your suit cleaned.

A florist's is a place where you can have flowers delivered.

A hairdresser's is a place where you can have your hair cut.

A dentist's is a place where you can have your teeth checked.

An optician's is a place where you can have your eyes checked.

A garage is a place where you can have your car repaired.

Using have something done for bad things

In all the examples above we have looked at services we can pay for if we want. We can also use the same expression when someone does something bad to us. For example:

'Jenny had her car stolen.' Here Jenny did not want someone to steal her car, but someone did it.

'Have you ever had your nose broken in a fight?' Nobody wants to have their nose broken, but it could happen!

·                     Causative  Have

We use a causative verb when we want to talk about something that someone else did for us or for another person. It means that the subject caused the action to happen, but didn't do it themselves. Maybe they paid, or asked, or persuaded the other person to do it. For example, we can say:

I cleaned my house. (This means I cleaned it myself).

If I paid someone to clean it, of course I can say:

A cleaner cleaned my house.

But, another way is to use a causative construction. So I can also say:

I had my house cleaned.

In a sense, using a causative verb is similar to using a passive. The important thing is that the house is now clean. We don't focus on who did the cleaning.

Have + object + past participle (have something done)

We usually use 'have something done' when we are talking about paying someone to do something for us. It's often used for services. The form is 'subject + have + object + past participle'.

I had my car washed.

John will have his house painted.

Get + object + past participle (get something done)

We can also use 'subject + get + object + past participle'. This has the same meaning as 'have', but is less formal.

The students get their essays checked.

I'll get my hair cut next week.

He got his washing machine fixed.

Try an exercise about 'have something done' and 'get something done' here.

Have someone do something (have + person + infinitive)

We can also use the construction 'subject + have + person + infinitive'. This has a very similar meaning to 'have something done', which we've already talked about, but this time we say who did the thing - we talk about the person who we asked to do the thing for us.

I had the electrician look at my broken light.

The doctor will have the nurse call the patients.

The teacher had the students write the answers on the whiteboard.

Get someone to do something (get + person + to + infinitive)

Finally, we can also use the construction 'get + someone + to + infinitive'. Again, this means that you cause the other person to do the action, maybe by paying them to do it, or by asking them to do it, or by persuading them to do it.

She gets her son to do his homework by promising him ice cream when he's finished.

I got the cleaner to clean under the cupboards.

Sometimes, this construction has the feeling that we needed to convince someone to do something, while the other constructions on this page are neutral.

WEEK 7

·                     Determiner: all, each, every, few, little

What are determiners?

A determiner is used to modify a noun. It indicates reference to something specific or something of a particular type. This function is usually performed by articles, demonstratives, possessive determiners, or quantifiers.

Determiners vs pronouns

Determiners are followed by a noun.

The man

This book

Some people

Subject pronouns ( I , you , he , etc.) and possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, etc.) cannot be determiners because they can never be followed by a noun.

Types of determiners

Articles

The definite and indefinite articles are all determiners.

Definite article - the

Indefinite article - a or an (a is used before a consonant sound; an is used before a vowel sound.)

Examples:

Close the door, please.

I've got a friend in Canada.

Demonstratives

There are four demonstrative determiners in English and they are: this, that, these and those.

Note that demonstrative determiners can also be used as demonstrative pronouns. When they are used as determiners they are followed by the nouns they modify.

Compare:

This is my camera. (Demonstrative used as a pronoun, subject of the verb is)

This camera is mine. (Demonstrative used as a determiner modifying the noun camera.)

Possessives

Possessive adjectives - my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their - modify the noun following it in order to show possession.

Possessive determiners are different from possessive pronouns - mine, his, hers, yours, ours, their.

Possessive pronouns can stand alone and are not followed by nouns.

Possessive determiners, on the other hand, are followed by nouns.

Compare:

This is my house. (my is a possessive determiner. It is followed by the noun house which it modifies)

Is that car yours? (yours is a possessive pronoun. It is not followed by a noun.)

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are followed by nouns which they modify.

Examples of quantifiers include:

some, any, few, little, more, much, many, each, every, both, all, enough, half, little, whole, less etc.

Quantifiers are commonly used before either countable or uncountable nouns.

He knows more people than his wife.

Little knowledge is a dangerous thing .

WEEK 8

·                     Question tag

1. Use

frequently used in spoken English when you want someone to agree or disagree

2. Form

positive statement → question tag negative → You are Tom, aren't you?

negative statement → question tag positive → He isn't Joe, is he?

3. Examples

3.1. with auxiliaries

You've got a car, haven't you?

3.2. without auxiliaries (don't, doesn't, didn't)

They play football on Sundays, don't they?

She plays football on Sundays, doesn't she?

They played football on Sundays, didn't they?

Questions tags are used to keep a conversation going. You can agree or refuse to a sentence with a question tag.

Affirmative sentence: He is from Germany, isn't he?

Negative sentence: He isn't from Germany, is he?

Possible answers are Yes or No. If you use Yes, do not use contracted forms. If you use No, contracted form are possible.

Yes, he is.

No, he is not. or No, he isn't. or No, he's not.

4. Special points

4.1. Although the negative word not is not in the sentence, the sentence can be negative. Then we use the positive question tag.

He never goes out with his dog, does he?

4.2. If have is a main verb in the sentence and refers to states, there are two possible sentences – We have a car, _____?

We have a car, haven't we? mostly British English

We have a car, don't we? mostly American English

4.3. Use will/would with imperatives (Simple Present).

Open the window, will you?

Open the window, would you?

Don't open your books, will you?

4.4. We use won't with a polite request.

Open the window, won't you?

4.5. We use shall after Let's.

Let's take the next bus, shall we?

4.6. Auxiliary must

We must be at home at 8 pm, mustn't we?

Yes, we must.

No, we needn't.

4.7. Personal pronoun I

I am late, aren't I?

This form is commonly used (mostly informal). It is because there is no contracted form for am + not (amn't). Grammatically correct would be: am I not. This is only used in formal situations.

WEEK 9

·                     So and Such

So + Adjective

USE

"So" can be combined with adjectives to show extremes. This form is often used in exclamations.

Examples:

The music is so loud! I wish they would turn it down.

The meal was so good! It was worth the money.

USE with "That"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show extremes which lead to certain results. The "that" is usually optional.

Examples:

The music is so loud that I can't sleep.

The music is so loud I can't sleep.

The meal was so good that we decided to have dinner at the same restaurant again tonight.

The meal was so good we decided to have dinner at the same restaurant again tonight.

So + Adverb

USE

"So" can be combined with adverbs to show extreme actions. This form is often used in exclamations.

Examples:

She spoke so quickly! She sounded like an auctioneer.

He paints so well! I am sure he is going to become a famous artist.

USE with "That"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show extreme actions which lead to certain results. The "that" is usually optional.

Examples:

She spoke so quickly that I couldn't understand her.

She spoke so quickly I couldn't understand her.

He paints so well that they offered him a scholarship at an art school in Paris.

He paints so well they offered him a scholarship at an art school in Paris.

So + Many / Few + Plural Noun

USE

"So" can be combined with "many" or "few" plus a plural noun to show extremes in amount. This form is often used in exclamations.

Examples:

I never knew you had so many brothers!

She has so few friends! It's really quite sad.

USE with "That"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show extremes in amount which lead to certain results. The "that" is usually optional.

Examples:

I never knew you had so many brothers that you had to share a bedroom.

I never knew you had so many brothers you had to share a bedroom.

She has so few friends that she rarely gets out of the house.

She has so few friends she rarely gets out of the house.

So + Much / Little + Non-countable Noun

USE

"So" can be combined with "much" or "little" plus a non-countable noun to show extremes in amount. This form is often used in exclamations.

Examples:

Jake earns so much money! And he still has trouble paying the rent.

They have so little food! We need to do something to help them.

USE with "That"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show extremes in amount which lead to certain results. The "that" is usually optional.

Examples:

Jake earns so much money that he has lost all sense of what a dollar is worth.

Jake earns so much money he has lost all sense of what a dollar is worth.

They have so little food that they are starving to death.

They have so little food they are starving to death.

So + Much / Little / Often / Rarely

USE

"So" can be combined with words like "much," "little," "often," or "rarely" to describe how much or how often someone does an action. This form is often used in exclamations.

Examples:

Earl drinks so much! It's not good for his health.

My sister visits us so rarely! I really miss her.

USE with "That"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show the results of extreme actions. The "that" is usually optional.

Examples:

Earl drinks so much that it is starting to interfere with his work.

Earl drinks so much it is starting to interfere with his work.

My sister visits us so rarely that my kids wouldn't even recognize her.

My sister visits us so rarely my kids wouldn't even recognize her.

Such + Adjective + Noun

USE

"Such" can be combined with an adjective and a noun to show extremes. This form is often used in exclamations.

Examples:

Don has such a big house! I think it's a little ridiculous.

Shelly has such beautiful eyes! I have never seen that shade of blue before.

USE with "That"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show extremes which lead to certain results. The "that" is usually optional.

Examples:

Don has such a big house that I actually got lost on the way to the bathroom.

Don has such a big house I actually got lost on the way to the bathroom.

Shelly has such beautiful eyes that she got a job as a make-up model.

Shelly has such beautiful eyes she got a job as a make-up model.

NOTE

Remember that without the noun you need to use "so."

Examples:

such beautiful eyes that

so beautiful that

Such + Judgemental Noun

USE

"Such" can also be combined with judgemental nouns for emphasis. This form is often used in exclamations.

Examples:

He is such an idiot! He says the stupidest things.

She is such a genius! We could never do this work without her.

USE with "That"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show certain results. The "that" is usually optional.

Examples:

He is such an idiot that nobody would hire him.

He is such an idiot nobody would hire him.

She is such a genius that they immediately gave her a position at the university.

She is such a genius they immediately gave her a position at the university.

Such + Noun (This type of...)

USE

"Such" can also mean "this type of..." or "that type of..."

Examples:

The archeologist had never seen such writing before he discovered the tablet.

this/that type of writing

She usually doesn't receive such criticism.

this/that kind of criticism

Frank has never made such mistakes before.

these/those kinds of mistakes.

·                     Third Conditional

We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the past participle in the second part of the sentence:

-          if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle

It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the result of this situation.

-          If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't study and so she didn't pass)

-          If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick).

-          If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane

-          She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier

-          She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university

-          He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine

WEEK 11

·                     Direct and Indirect Speech bentuk Present:

Present Simple,Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous

Direct speech adalah kutipan asli suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan. Sedangkan indirect speech adalah bentuk kalimat laporan yang berguna untuk menceritakan kembali pembicaraan/pendapat seseorang yang mana mengalami modifikasi tertentu. Dibawah ini akan diberikan kepada anda materi direct-indirect speech secara lengkap.

1. DIRECT SPEECH

            Cara penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda kutip,kalimat selalu di awali huruf capital. Tanda titik dua (:) atau koma (,)diletakkan sebelum direct speech bilamana kata penghubung/pelapor (reporting vern)-nya berada dimuka,dan tanda koma (,)harus diletakkan setelah direct speech bilamana kata penghubung diletakkan setelah atau diantara direct speechnya. Tanda baca seperti tanda seru (!),tanda Tanya (?) yang menunjukkan jenis kalimat direct tidak mengalami perubahan.

2. INDIRECT SPEECH

Ada tiga jenis indirect speech :

A. Imperative (request)

            Yang dilaporka adalah suatu perintah. Karena kalimat perintah biasanya tidak mengenal subject,maka verb dalam direct imperative tidak mengalami perubahan. Verb dalam indirect menjadi ‘to invinitive’.

Contoh 1 :

Direct : He said to his servant,”Go away at once”.

Indirect : He ordered his servant to go away at once.

Contoh 2 :

Direct : “Watch TV”.

Indirect : He told me to watch TV.

B. Declarative (statement)

1. Bila terdapat tenses maka penjabarannya sebagai berikut :

•           Simple present tense menjadi simple past tense

Jika direct speech menggunakan simple present tense,maka indirect speech menggunakan simple past tense.

Contoh :

Direct : Linda said “I buy my dictionary at the book shop”.

Indirect : Linda said that she bought her dictionary at the book shop.

•           Present continuous tense menjadi past continuous tense

Jika direct speech menggunakan present continuous tense maka indirect speech menggunakan past continuous tense.

Contoh :

Direct : She said “I’m doing my English homework”.

Indirect : She said that she was doing her English homework.

•           Present perfect tense menjadi past perfect tense

Jika direct speech menggunakan present perfect tense maka indirect speech menggunakan past perfect tense.

Contoh :

Direct : John said”I have finished doing my reports”.

Indirect : John said that he had finished doing his reports.

•           Present perfect continuous tense menjadi past perfect continuous tense

Jika direct speech menggunakan present continuous tense maka indirect speech menggunakan past perfect continuous tense.

Contoh :

Direct : He said “We have been living here for three years”.

Indirect : He said that they had been living there for three years.

•           Simple past tense menjadi past perfect tense

Jika direct speech menggunakan simple past tense maka indirect speech menggunakan past perfect tense.

Contoh :

Direct : He said “I went to school yesterday”.

Indirect : He said that he had gone to school the day before.

•           Future tense menjadi past future tense

Jika direct speech menggunakan simple future tense maka indirect speech menggunakan past future tense.

Contoh :

Direct : Laila said “We will leave for Singapore”.

Indirect : Laila said that they would leave for Singapore.

•           Past continuous tense menjadi past perfect continuous tense

Jika direct speech menggunakan past continuous tense maka indirect speech menggunakan padt perfect continuous tense.

Conton :

Direct : He said “I was reading an English novels”.

Indirect : He said that he had been reading English novels.

2. Bila terdapat modal,maka penjelasannya adalah :

Direct  : “Ica watch TV”.

: “I may watch TV”.

: “I must watch TV”.

Indirect : She said that she could watch TV

: She said that she might watch TV

: She said that she had to watch TV.

3. Bila terdapat interrogative sentence

A. Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata Tanya dan mengubah tense jika pertanyaan di mulai dengan kata Tanya.

Contoh :

Direct : He said to me,”where are you going?”

Indirect : He asked me where I was going.

B. Dengan menggunakan if/whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengulang tenses

Contoh :

Direct  : He said to me,”Are you going away today?”

Indirect : He asked me whether I going today.

WEEK 12

·                     Direct and Indirect Speech bentuk Past:

Past Simple And Past Perfect

-Simple Present menjadi Simple Past

a. He told me, “I go to work everyday.”

b. He told me that he went to work everyday.

-Present Continuous menjadi Past Continuous

a. She told me, “I am playing music now”.

b. She told me that she was playing music then.

-Present Perfect menjadi Past Perfect

a. They told me. “We have bought a car”.

b. They told me that they had bought a car.

-Simple Past menjadi Past Perfect

a. He told me, “I went to Bandung yesterday”.

b. He told me that he had gone to Bandung yesterday.

-Simple Future menjadi Future Past

a. He told me, “I will go to university next year”.

b. He told me that he would go to university the following year.

-Future Past menjadi Future Past Perfect

a. She told me, “I should go there if I were you.”

b. She told me that she would have gone there if she had been me.

Perubahan-perubahan MODAL, PREPOSITION dan Keterangan waktu dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tak langsung. :

-          Shall – Should See – saw Will – would

-          Is – was May – might Has/have – had

-          Can –could are – were Here – there

-          This – that Now – then Ago – before, Dsb

WEEK 13

·                     Direct and Indirect Speech bentuk Future:

Future,Future Continuous And Direct and Indirect Speech bentuk kalimat Imperative

1.      Understanding Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense is a form of the verb used to express that an action happens in the future, spontaneous or planned. Tense can also be used to form a conditional sentence type 1.

2.      Formula Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense is formed of capital "will" or "shall" and the bare infinitive (base form of verb) or formed from phrasal capital "be going to" and the bare infinitive (base form verb).

Jenis Kalimat

Rumus

Contoh Simple Future Tense :

- Positif(+)

S + will + bare infinitive

S + be (am/is/are) going to + bare infinitive

You will win

They are going to come

- Negatif(-)

S + will + not + bare infinitive

S + be (am/is/are) + not + going to + bare infinitive

You won’t win

They aren’t going to come

- Interogatif(?)

Will + S + bare infinitive

Be (am/is/are) + S + going to + bare infinitive?

Will you win

Are they going to come

3.      Function and Example Sentences Simple Future Tense

Fungsi

Contoh kalimat :

Simple future tense (will) to make a spontaneous decision to do something (without plan).

Wait a minute. I will change my clothes.

(Tunggu sebentar. Saya akan mengganti baju.)

You look nervous. I’ll give you a glass of water.

(Kamu tampak cemas. Saya akan memberimu segelas air.)

Simple future tense (will) to predict the future (without plan).

The doom will not happen in 2014.

(Kiamat tidak akan terjadi pada tahun 2014.)

Which hotels do you think will offer the best service?

(Hotel yang mana yang kamu pikir akan menawarkan pelayanan terbaik?)

He’ll be angry.

(Dia akan marah.)

The sandstorm will come.

(Badai pasir akan datang.)

I think he will pass.

(Saya pikir dia akan lulus.)

Simple future tense with "going + to" to express intention (plan the future that has been thought out in advance).

I’m going to send this letter tomorrow.

(Saya akan mengirimkan surat ini besok.)

He is going to go to French to continue his study.

(Dia akan pergi ke Perancis untuk melanjutkan sekolahnya.)

Simple future tense used to form a conditional sentence type 1.

I will come if they invite me.

(Saya akan datang jika mereka mengundang saya.)

 4.      Understanding Future Continuous Tense

            Future continuous progressive tense or future tense is the verb form used to express the action that will be going on at a certain time in the future. The action has been started but not yet completed at the time.

5.      Formula Future Continuous Tense

            Future continuous tense is formed with the auxiliary verb, and will be, and the present participle. In general, future continuous tense occurs only in the form of dynamic action verbs, not stative verb because generally only dynamic verb that has a continuous shape.

Jenis Kalimat

Rumus

Contoh Future Continuous Tense

- Positif (+)

S + will be + V1-ing/present participle

He will be sleeping

You and I will be walking

- Negatif (-)

S + will + not + be + V1-ing/present participle

He will not be sleeping

You and I won’t be walking

- Interogatif (?)

Will + S + be + V1-ing/present participle

Will he be sleeping

Will you and I be walking

6.      Some Functions and Example Future Continuous Tense

Fungsi

Contoh Kalimat Future Continuous Tense :

Future continuous tense to indicate an action that will be going on at a certain time in the future.

I together with my friend will be walking on Carita Beach tomorrow morning.

(Saya bersama dengan teman akan berjalan-jalan di Pantai Carita besok pagi.)

Reny will be working at the office when you arrive.

(Reny akan sedang kerja di kantor ketika kamu tiba.)

He will be sleeping at 10 p.m.

(Dia akan sedang tidur jam 10 malam.)

7.      Direct and Indirect Speech Imperative tense

The imperative is a command line that bertujun to order / ask someone to do something that we want. In our imperative is not advisable to use the subject at the beginning of a sentence, as this sentence is direct to the subject but did not mention the subject. For example, Fetch me my umbrella !. Punctuation is always used in the imperative is a punctuation mark exclamation (!) And have the word "please" are usually placed at the beginning or end of sentences. It aims to reinforce sentence ruled that directly perform the command.

8.      Imperative has two (2) patterns and the following explanation

1. imperative that uses the first verb (verb 1), here we only use the verb verb 1 (infinitive).

Verb 1 + Object

Consider the example sentence below:

Direct Speech : Miftah said, “cut the paper into two side and fold like me!”

Indirect Speech : Miftah said to cut the paper into two side and fold like him

Direct Speech : Mr. Fairiz said me, “ Take me a cup of tea, now!”

Indirect Speech : Mr. Fairiz said me to Take him a cup of tea, then

Direct Speech : The teacher told us, “Do the task on the page 67 in this hand book!”

Indirect Speech : The teacher told us to Do the task on the page 67 in that hand book

2. imperative that uses the auxiliary verb form of "TO BE" Here we are just using the "BE".

 Be + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb

Consider the example sentence below:

    Direct Speech : I said her, “be silent!”

    Indirect Speec  : I said her to be silent

    Direct Speech : You said me, “Be near of me!”

    Indirect Speech : You said me to Be near of you

    Direct Speech : I told him “Be yourself!”

    Indirect Speech : I told him to Be himself

WEEK 14

·                     Direct and Indirect bentuk kalimat pertanyaan:

Present Simple,Simple Past,Present Perfect,Present continuous,Future, Future Continuous

Kita perlu mempelajari tentang perubahan tenses yang terjadi antara Direct & Indirect speech. Ketika pada kalimat langsung dia menggunakan tenses bentuk present, maka kalimat tak langsung akan berubah tenses nya menjadi bentuk past (lampau), simak perubahan bentuk tenses lainnya di bawah ini :

Contohnya :

Simple Present diubah menjadi Simple Past

Direct    : she said, “I buy a pen.”

Indirect : she said that she bought a pen.

Present Continuous Tense diubah menjadi Past Continuous Tense

Direct    : she said, “ I am buying a pen.”

Indirect : she said that she was buying a pen.

Present Perfect Tense diubah menjadi Past Perfect Tense

Direct    : she said, ‘ I have bought a pen.”

Indirect  : she said that she had bought a pen.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense diubah menjadi Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Direct    : she said, “ I have been buying a pen since 6 o’clock.”

Indirect : she said that she had been buying a pen since 6 o’clock.

Simple Past Tense diubah menjadi Past Perfect Tense

Direct    : she said, “ I bought a pen.”

Indirect : she said that she had bought a pen.

Simple Future Tense diubah menjadi Past Future Tense

Direct    : she said, “ I will buy a pen.”

Indirect : she said that she would buy a pen.

Future Continuous Tense diubah menjadi Past Future Continuous Tense

Direct    : she said, “ I will be buying a pen.”

Indirect : she said that she would be buying a pen.